Milas
Board Sponsor
I guess I'll be the one who plays the devil's advocate on this one, as I've previously looked into whether to add Krill Oil to my daily supplement list. Why? Well my lipids were out-of-whack and I have coronary artery plaque so I pretty much look into most anything that comes down the pike as being beneficial for me in stopping the progression of plaque.
Although tempted by what one can term a great marketing campaign by NKO (and the marketing emails from Dr. Mercola), I've yet to try Krill Oil. Why? Because it is too expensive to justify what appears to be its only advantage---the astaxanthin. I don't think you'll find any other real proven advantage of Krill over Fish Oil in the actual numbers from the studies out there, even with them being sponsored/funded by the Krill Oil companies. The studies do not show that it has better effect on plasma n-3 levels; they do show essentially similar results as Fish oil on blood lipids.
For example, there's a recent study published in the Nov. 2010 issue of Lipids Journal by Aker BioMarine, the makers of Superba krill oil. The study is titled Metabolic Effects of Krill Oil are Essentially Similar to Those of Fish Oil but at Lower Dose of EPA and DHA, in Healthy Volunteers. Their study found that there is no difference between Krill oil and Fish oil when it comes to blood lipids like cholesterol, triglycerides, etc. The study shows that these same benefits can be had from Krill where the EPA + DHA dose in the Krill oil was 62.8% of that in the Fish oil.
So the study from the maker of Superba Krill Oil says that Krill Oil is approximately 1.5 times better than Fish Oil. What's not in the study? That to equalize the benefits even with only having to take 62.8% dosage compared to fish oil doesn't justify having to pay 8 - 10 times the price.
That same study also found this: Krill oil increases the level of Arachidonic acid (AA) in your body. Too much AA can cause inflammation. Healthy levels of AA, no problem. Too much? More joint pain?
My post count is not high enough to post a link to the study, but it can be found at superlink.com. Try this number 270j241473471664 for content.
I'm not saying Krill oil is bad, I believe it provides the same benefits of fish oil with the added anti-oxidant benefit of astaxanthin. I take both high dose fish oil and astaxanthin daily because I believe that they are beneficial to my health and will help me in my battle. I guess my point is this: Krill Oil is beneficial, but I can't find any research that actually shows incremental or additional benefits to justify the additional cost versus separately dosing fish oil and astaxanthin.
I would agree that fish oil, as long as you get one clear of heavy metals and PCBs, is a very good way to get EFA/DHA. However, there are benefits from Krill that you don't get from fish oil.
0. No fish burps, ever.
1. Guaranteed purity - no PCB or heavy metals due to Krill only eating algae and not other fish.
2. Better absorption - DHA/EPA in Krill is attached as a phsospholipid (the kind in your cells), and so it absorbs more readily as opposed to regular fish oil.
3. Contains a strong antioxidant Astaxanthin - Research has shown a lot of good effects, including accelerated fat burning, greater fat loss, and enhanced endurance. Astaxanthin protects the system that transports fat into the mitochondria of muscle cells (also the system carnitine is involved in, good for stacking). If you take this separately, then I guess you could argue it's a wash, not sure what the cost/convenience is though.
4. Better Cholesterol support - Krill has been shown to reduce cholesterol and blood triglyceride levels in rats given krill oil for six weeks as compared to those just getting fish oil (35% reduction for cholesterol vs. 20%, and 20% reduction for triglycerides vs. 10%). So basically twice as effective.
5. More effective in treament of the symptoms of PMS.
6. It's sustainable, more ecologically friendly for those who care.
7. Krill oil is more shelf stable and will last longer due to the antioxidants like Vitamin A and E as well as flavanoids and esterfied astaxanthin found in Krill. In fact Krill Oil is 300 times more powerful than Vitamin C or E, 34 times more powerful CoQ10 enzymes and 47 times more powerful than lutein as an antioxidant.
As far as studies, there's more than just one in humans:
Invalid Link Removed
University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
Abstract
Krill omega-3 phospholipids, containing mostly phosphatidylcholine (PC) with DHA/EPA attached, markedly outperformed conventional fish oil DHA/EPA triglycerides in double-blind trials for premenstrual syndrome/dysmenorrhea and for normalizing blood lipid profiles. Krill omega-3 phospholipids demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, lowering C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in a double-blind trial. Utilizing DHA and EPA together with phospholipids and membrane antioxidants to achieve a triple cell membrane synergy may further diversify their currently wide range of clinical applications.
Krill is showing promise as an ACE inhibitor, lowering of LDL and triglycerides, raising HDL, inhibiting growth of colon cancer cells, lowering CRP, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, etc. The effects seem to be above and beyond what fish oil can do, and a head to head study showed a beneficial effect of krill on tested pentameters at lower doses of EPA/DHA per gram than fish oil.
PMID 15656713
Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the clinical course of hyperlipidemia.
Invalid Link Removed, Invalid Link Removed, Invalid Link Removed.
Source
Department of Internal Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of the present study demonstrate within high levels of confidence that krill oil is effective for the management of hyperlipidemia by significantly reducing total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, and increasing HDL levels. At lower and equal doses, krill oil was significantly more effective than fish oil for the reduction of glucose, triglycerides, and LDL levels.
It has benefits above and beyond fish oil's capabilities, i.e.:
J Nutr. 2009 Aug;139(8):1495-501. Epub 2009 Jun 23.
Endocannabinoids may mediate the ability of (n-3) fatty acids to reduce ectopic fat and inflammatory mediators in obese Zucker rats.
Dietary (n-3) long-chain PUFA [(n-3) LCPUFA] ameliorate several metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, although the mechanisms of these beneficial effects are not fully understood. In this study, we compared the effects of dietary (n-3) LCPUFA, in the form of either fish oil (FO) or krill oil (KO) balanced for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content, with a control © diet containing no EPA and DHA and similar contents of oleic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acids, on ectopic fat and inflammation in Zucker rats, a model of obesity and related metabolic dysfunction. Diets were fed for 4 wk. Given the emerging evidence for an association between elevated endocannabinoid concentrations and metabolic syndrome, we also measured tissue endocannabinoid concentrations. In (n-3) LCPUFA-supplemented rats, liver triglycerides and the peritoneal macrophage response to an inflammatory stimulus were significantly lower than in rats fed the control diet, and heart triglycerides were lower, but only in KO-fed rats. These effects were associated with a lower concentration of the endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, in the visceral adipose tissue and of anandamide in the liver and heart, which, in turn, was associated with lower levels of arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids, but not with higher activity of endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes. Our data suggest that the beneficial effects of a diet enriched with (n-3) LCPUFA are the result of changes in membrane fatty acid composition. The reduction of substrates for inflammatory molecules and endocannabinoids may account for the dampened inflammatory response and the physiological reequilibration of body fat deposition in obese rats.
PMID: 19549757
Source: Nutrition Research Oct 2009
Volume 29, Issue 9, Pages 609-615
“Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women”
Led by Kevin Maki from Provident Clinical Research, the researchers recruited 76 overweight and obese men and women to take part in their randomized, double-blind parallel arm trial.
Participants were randomly assigned to receive capsules containing 2 grams per day of krill oil, fish oil (menhaden), or control oil (olive) for four weeks.
At the end of the time, the researchers report that levels of EPA and DHA concentrations increased significantly more following krill oil supplementation than following menhaden or olive oil supplementation. Indeed, EPA and DHA levels rose by an average 178 and 90 micromoles per litre of plasma, respectively, in the krill oil group, compared to 132 and 150 micromoles per litre of plasma in the menhaden group, and only 3 and -1.1 micromoles in the olive oil group.
So I'd say Krill has more value than just fish oil, though you cannot deny the benefits of EPA/DHA. Fish is better than flax or nothing, but I'd consider the value of adding krill to your omega-3 supplementation. The best "value" in my opinion would be to use a Norwegian fish oil that's tested to be low in pollutants, maybe something like Controlled Labs OxiMega Orange Fish Oil, in conjunction with Krill. That way you get the benefits of Krill and a higher level of EPA/DHA.