Any human studies with oral bioavailability? I'd also like to see this extrapolated for HED.
1: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Nov;1033:79-91.Click here to read Links
Therapeutic effects of L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine on cardiovascular diseases: a review.
Ferrari R, Merli E, Cicchitelli G, Mele D, Fucili A, Ceconi C.
Chair of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ferrara, Gussago (Brescia), Italy.
[email protected]
Several experimental studies have shown that levocarnitine reduces myocardial injury after ischemia and reperfusion by counteracting the toxic effect of high levels of free fatty acids, which occur in ischemia, and by improving carbohydrate metabolism. In addition to increasing the rate of fatty acid transport into mitochondria, levocarnitine reduces the intramitochondrial ratio of acetyl-CoA to free CoA, thus stimulating the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase and increasing the oxidation of pyruvate. Supplementation of the myocardium with levocarnitine results in an increased tissue carnitine content, a prevention of the loss of high-energy phosphate stores, ischemic injury, and improved heart recovery on reperfusion. Clinically, levocarnitine has been shown to have anti-ischemic properties. In small short-term studies, levocarnitine acts as an antianginal agent that reduces ST segment depression and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. These short-term studies also show that levocarnitine releases the lactate of coronary artery disease patients subjected to either exercise testing or atrial pacing. These cardioprotective effects have been confirmed during aortocoronary bypass grafting and acute myocardial infarction. In a randomized multicenter trial performed on 472 patients, levocarnitine treatment (9 g/day by intravenous infusion for 5 initial days and 6 g/day orally for the next 12 months), when initiated early after acute myocardial infarction, attenuated left ventricular dilatation and prevented ventricular remodeling. In treated patients, there was a trend towards a reduction in the combined incidence of death and CHF after discharge. Levocarnitine could improve ischemia and reperfusion by (1) preventing the accumulation of long-chain acyl-CoA, which facilitates the production of free radicals by damaged mitochondria; (2) improving repair mechanisms for oxidative-induced damage to membrane phospholipids; (3) inhibiting malignancy arrhythmias because of accumulation within the myocardium of long-chain acyl-CoA; and (4) reducing the ischemia-induced apoptosis and the consequent remodeling of the left ventricle. Propionyl-L-carnitine is a carnitine derivative that has a high affinity for muscular carnitine transferase, and it increases cellular carnitine content, thereby allowing free fatty acid transport into the mitochondria. Moreover, propionyl-L-carnitine stimulates a better efficiency of the Krebs cycle during hypoxia by providing it with a very easily usable substrate, propionate, which is rapidly transformed into succinate without energy consumption (anaplerotic pathway). Alone, propionate cannot be administered to patients in view of its toxicity. The results of phase-2 studies in chronic heart failure patients showed that long-term oral treatment with propionyl-L-carnitine improves maximum exercise duration and maximum oxygen consumption over placebo and indicated a specific propionyl-L-carnitine effect on peripheral muscle metabolism. A multicenter trial on 537 patients showed that propionyl-L-carnitine improves exercise capacity in patients with heart failure, but preserved cardiac function.
This was a combination of deliveries, but there IS favorable data on absorption of oral PLCAR and increase of carnitine stores/lowering of FFA in cardiac, liver, and skeletal muscle tissue.
This study also touches on the various mechanisms of PLCAR, and why it is SUCH a potent tool for so many reasons. It describes the propionate key, as well as the influence of Acyl-COA/Acetyl-COA ratios and why it is so badass effective at triggering FFA acid transport and usage as fuel.
This is the first study that caught my eye, right after it came out, that got me so freaking excited about PLCAR. Clear Edge came out within 2 months of reading this study, in order to provide a steady semi-stimulating (more like increased energy) effect on the bodies of long duration poker tournement players.
Basically - PLCAR is the ****.
