PES did not use Cynanchum Auriculatum, correct? That mofo has some seriously bad data to go along with it.
How do you know this?
Most all ingredients or compounds have side-effects but when the benefit outweighs them it’s great. Example; caffeine makes you jittery, but it also improves alertness and reinforces memory. Also, anything that may be beneficial taken in massive amounts can be toxic. I’ll use caffeine as an example again for this.
I did a little research about Cynanchum Auriculatum since I had never heard of it until you mentioned it was the cause for the liver issues (contrary to what the liver specialists in the study said, btw).
What I found was Cynanchum Auriculatum has many uses including an antioxidant effect, immunomodulating, antitumor, antihyperlipidemia, hair growth promoting and antidepressant effects, to name a few.
I.
Title: A C21-Steroidal Glycoside Isolated from the Roots of Cynanchum auriculatum Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer SGC-7901 Cells
“In conclusion, CGII inhibits cell growth of human gastric cancer cells by inducing G1 phase cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis cascades.” Source: www(dot)hindawi(dot)com/journals/ecam/2013/180839/
II.
“3.1.6. Cynanchum Auriculatum
Native to China, C. auriculatum (Royle ex Wight) is a plant species of which the roots, according to Chinese traditional medicine, enhance immunity and espouse longevity (50). Pregnane glycosides and baishouwubenzophenone have been found to exist in C. auriculatum (51). The similarity in the structure of pregnane and that of P57 (found in H. gordonii) shows that C. auriculatum could be an alternative to H. gordonii in developing anti-obesity dietary supplementation (51). Wilfoside K1N is the most widely known pregnane glycoside, which bears great structural resemblance to P57 (51). An animal trial, involving rats, has demonstrated that Wilfoside K1N can produce a considerable appetite-inhibiting effect (51). The efficacy and safety of pregnane glycosides need to be further investigated, especially because, unlike H. gordonii, which may soon become an endangered species, C. auriculatum is an abundant plant source (50, 52).”
Source: www(dot)ncbi(dot)nlm(dot)nih(dot)gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386228/
*Note: Scroll down to # 3.1.6. All cited sources here are linked to the original article from where the info was obtained so you should verify this yourself. I did.
III.
Title: Appetite suppressing pregnane glycosides from the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum
Abstract
In the search for plant alternatives to Hoodia gordonii containing P57, a pregnane glycoside with potential appetite suppressant effect, the roots of Cynanchum auriculatum were investigated. As a result, 15 pregnane glycosides including nine never previously reported were isolated. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. Appetite suppressant effect and body weight loss were observed when tested with the most abundant pregnane glycoside, wilfoside K1N, in an in vivo test with rats.
Source: Phytochemistry. 2013 Sep;93:144-53. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.03.010. Epub 2013 Apr 18.
IV.
Title: The antidepressant effect of Cynanchum auriculatum in mice
Pharm Biol
Pharm Biol 2012 Sep 24;50(9):1067-72. Epub 2012 Jul 24.
“Abstract
Context: Antidepressant effects of various plants are generally attributed to their anti-inflammation and antioxidant activities. Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight (Asclepiadaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant in China and India used for immunological regulation, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant purposes. However knowledge about its antidepressant activity has been poorly investigated.
Objective:To investigate the antidepressant activities of the total glycosides of C. auriculatum (TGC) and its CHCl3/MeOH (10:1) fractions (TGC-D and TGC-E) in mice.
Materials and methods: TGC, TGC-D and TGC-E (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) were intragastrically administered to mice twice a day for 5 days. The tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and locomotor activity test in mice were used to evaluate the effect of C. auriculatum. The inhibition of [3H]-serotonin reuptake in rat brain synaptosomes was detected to investigate their mechanism.
Results:TGC, TGC-D and TGC-E (80 mg/kg) decreased the immobility time by 61.7, 64.5, and 61.9% in tail suspension test. TGC (80 mg/kg), TGC-D (80 mg/kg) and TGC-E (20 mg/kg) decreased the immobility time by 32.6, 47.3, and 48.7% in forced swimming test. TGC (80 mg/kg) and TGC-E (20 and 40 mg/kg) decreased the crossing distances by 28.8, 29.5, and 36.2% in locomotor activity test. TGC, TGC-D and TGC-E (10 mg/L) inhibited serotonin reuptake by 7.4, 4.5, and 71.1% in rat brain synaptosomes, and IC50 value of TGC-E was 5.2 mg/L.
Discussion and Conclusion: TGC, TGC-D and TGC-E have potential antidepressant activities. The antidepressive effect of TGC-E maybe attributed partly by the inhibiting effect on serotonin reuptake.”
Source: www(dot)pubfacts(dot)com/detail/22827543/The-antidepressant-effect-of-Cynanchum-auriculatum-in-mice
*Drops the mic and walks away