What you say about times being measures of the intersection of strength and conditioning is true when utilized properly. This is a case where proper coaching is of vital importance. As you say, if you sacrifice form for time, you'll suffer in the long run (if you don't suffer an acute injury at the time), but one issue is that some people are incapable, or unwilling, to look at the big picture and long term, and would rather put up a quick time to either impress people, or compete against or beat other people (or themselves; wanting "progress" to show too quickly).
Crossfit isn't inherently bad, and can actually be a great way to look good and get in good overall shape, it's just the perversion and dilution that comes with the growth and spread of Crossfit, as well as the desire to maximize profits from it. Unfortunately, not every box/coach is good, or even decent, and many beginners would have no way of ascertaining this, much in the same way that a beginner may not know that their local LA Fitness or YouFit trainer may not be a good, or even decent, trainer.
What do you mean by "undermine the 'bodybuilder' mentality? Typical "bro splits" and programming? As I've said before, you can certainly get big and strong by doing crossfit, but you're not going to get "bodybuilder big" by doing it, but that's not what everyone who goes to the gym and lifts wants, even those people who do follow "bro" or "bodybuilding" splits and programming. Most people just want to get in shape and be relatively lean and muscular. Look at some mainstream Hollywood actors, and many of them that people say are very muscular and people want to have a physique like aren't all that big to many of us here, and certainly aren't "bodybuilder size" by any means. So, yes, most people can still notice muscle growth with crossfit, but a "bodybuilder," someone at a competitive level, likely won't "grow" doing only Crossfit, and I argue that crossfit is never the quickest or most ideal way to purely gain muscle, but that's not the point of it, so it's not really even a valuable comment, haha.
At the end of the day, what type of exercise and programming you do ultimately comes down to a couple of factors. One being what your goal is. If you want to lift as much as possible, then consider strongman/powerlifting. If you want to be as muscular as possible, consider bodybuilding. If you want to get in better shape and/or "overall fitness" then you can consider crossfit. Now, that shouldn't be taken to mean that pursuing one goal means forfeiting the others, because powerlifters can be, and often are, very muscular, bodybuilders are often very strong, and Crossfit people can also be quite strong and muscular. It also depends on your health and what your body does well, especially if you want to compete at a decent level. Some people, frankly, aren't meant to lift a ton of weight (enough to be competitive powerlifters), and some people just don't have the genetics to be competitive bodybuilders. Again, that's not to say that most people can't have fun and make good progress doing something even if they're not genetically or naturally gifted at it. Injuiries also play a role here. Ever since I tore a ligament in my lower back during wrestling practice, I don't/can't deadlift super heavy, and even tend to keep squats at a non-maximal weight the vast majority of the time. That, to me, puts powerlifting out of the question, and even makes me hesitant to do a significant amount of Crossfit. Luckily for me, I've always enjoyed bodybuilding oriented training and goals the most, so it's all good.
Anyway, that's my rant for the day, hopefully it's somewhat relevant and coherent.